1 <!doctype linuxdoc system>
4 $Id: zebra.sgml,v 1.25 1996-05-09 09:59:57 quinn Exp $
8 <title>Zebra Server - Administrators's Guide and Reference
9 <author><htmlurl url="http://www.indexdata.dk/" name="Index Data">, <tt><htmlurl url="mailto:info@index.ping.dk" name="info@index.ping.dk"></>
10 <date>$Revision: 1.25 $
12 The Zebra information server combines a versatile fielded/free-text
13 search engine with a Z39.50-1995 frontend to provide a powerful and flexible
14 information management system. This document explains the procedure for
15 installing and configuring the system, and outlines the possibilities
16 for managing data and providing Z39.50
17 services with the software.
27 The Zebra system is a fielded free-text indexing and retrieval engine with a
28 Z39.50 frontend. You can use any commercial or freeware Z39.50 client
29 to access data stored in Zebra.
31 The Zebra server is our first step towards the development of a fully
32 configurable, open information system. Eventually, it will be paired
33 off with a powerful Z39.50 client to support complex information
34 management tasks within almost any application domain. We're making
35 the server available now because it's no fun to be in the open
36 information retrieval business all by yourself. We want to allow
37 people with interesting data to make their things
38 available in interesting ways, without having to start out
39 by implementing yet another protocol stack from scratch.
41 This document is an introduction to the Zebra system. It will tell you
42 how to compile the software, and how to prepare your first database.
43 It also explains how the server can be configured to give you the
44 functionality that you need.
46 If you find the software interesting, you should join the support
47 mailing-list by sending Email to <tt/zebra-request@index.ping.dk/.
52 This is a listof some of the most important features of the
58 Supports updating - records can be added and deleted without
59 rebuilding the index from scratch.
60 The update procedure is tolerant to crashes or hard interrupts
61 during register updating - registers can be reconstructed following a crash.
62 Registers can be safely updated even while users are accessing the server.
65 Supports large databases - files for indices, etc. can be
66 automatically partitioned over multiple disks.
69 Supports arbitrarily complex records - base input format is an
70 SGML-like syntax which allows nested (structured) data elements, as
71 well as variant forms of data.
74 Supports random storage formats. A system of input filters driven by
75 regular expressions allows you to easily process most ASCII-based
79 Supports boolean queries as well as relevance-ranking (free-text)
80 searching. Right truncation and masking in terms are supported, as
81 well as full regular expressions.
84 Supports multiple concrete syntaxes
85 for record exchange (depending on the configuration): GRS-1, SUTRS,
86 ISO2709 (*MARC). Records can be mapped between record syntaxes and
90 Supports approximate matching in registers (ie. spelling mistakes,
99 Protocol facilities: Init, Search, Retrieve, Browse.
102 Piggy-backed presents are honored in the search-request.
105 Named result sets are supported.
108 Easily configured to support different application profiles, with
109 tables for attribute sets, tag sets, and abstract syntaxes.
110 Additional tables control facilities such as element mappings to
111 different schema (eg., GILS-to-USMARC).
114 Complex composition specifications using Espec-1 are partially
115 supported (simple element requests only).
118 Element Set Names are defined using the Espec-1 capability of the
119 system, and are given in configuration files as simple element
120 requests (and possibly variant requests).
123 Some variant support (not fully implemented yet).
126 Using the YAZ toolkit for the protocol implementation, the
127 server can utilise a plug-in XTI/mOSI implementation (not included) to
128 provide SR services over an OSI stack, as well as Z39.50 over TCP/IP.
137 This is an alfa-release of the software, to allow you to look at
138 it - try it out, and assess whether it can be of use to you. We expect
139 this version to be followed by a succession of beta-releases until we
140 arrive at a stable first version.
142 These are some of the plans that we have for the software in the near
143 and far future, approximately ordered after their relative importance.
145 asterisk will be implemented before the
151 *Complete the support for variants. Finalize support for the WAIS
152 retrieval methodology.
155 *Finalize the data element <it/include/ facility to support multimedia
156 data elements in records.
159 *Port the system to Windows NT.
162 Add index and data compression to save disk space.
165 Add more sophisticated relevance ranking mechanisms. Add support for soundex
166 and stemming. Add relevance <it/feedback/ support.
172 Add support for very large records by implementing segmentation and/or
176 Support the Item Update extended service of the protocol.
179 We want to add a management system that allows you to
180 control your databases and configuration tables from a graphical
181 interface. We'll probably use Tcl/Tk to stay platform-independent.
185 Programmers thrive on user feedback. If you are interested in a facility that
186 you don't see mentioned here, or if there's something you think we
187 could do better, please drop us a mail. If you think it's all really
188 neat, you're welcome to drop us a line saying that, too. You'll find
189 contact info at the end of this file.
191 <sect>Compiling the software
194 An ANSI C compiler is required to compile the Zebra
195 server system — <tt/gcc/ works fine if your own system doesn't
196 provide an adequate compiler.
198 Unpack the distribution archive. In some cases, you may want to edit
199 the top-level <tt/Makefile/, eg. to select a different C compiler, or
200 to specify machine-specific libraries in the <bf/NETLIB/ variable.
202 When you are done editing the <tt>Makefile</tt> type:
207 If successful, two executables have been created in the sub-directory
210 <tag><tt>zebrasrv</tt></tag> The Z39.50 server and search engine.
211 <tag><tt>zebraidx</tt></tag> The administrative tool for the search index.
216 In this section, we will test the system by indexing a small set of sample
217 GILS records that are included with the software distribution. Go to the
218 <tt>test</tt> subdirectory of the distribution archive. There you will
220 file named <tt>zebra.cfg</tt> with the following contents:
222 # Where are the YAZ tables located.
223 profilePath: ../../yaz/tab ../tab
225 # Files that describe the attribute sets supported.
230 Now, edit the file and set <tt>profilePath</tt> to the path of the
231 YAZ profile tables (sub directory <tt>tab</tt> of the YAZ distribution
234 The 48 test records are located in the sub directory <tt>records</tt>.
235 To index these, type:
237 $ ../index/zebraidx -t grs update records
240 In the command above the option <tt>-t</tt> specified the record
241 type — in this case <tt>grs</tt>. The word <tt>update</tt> followed
242 by a directory root updates all files below that directory node.
244 If your indexing command was successful, you are now ready to
245 fire up a server. To start a server on port 2100, type:
247 $ ../index/zebrasrv tcp:@:2100
250 The Zebra index that you have just created has a single database
251 named <tt/Default/. The database contains records structured according to
252 the GILS profile, and the server will
253 return records in either either USMARC, GRS-1, or SUTRS depending
254 on what your client asks
257 To test the server, you can use any Z39.50 client (1992 or later). For
258 instance, you can use the demo client that comes with YAZ: Just cd to
259 the <tt/client/ subdirectory of the YAZ distribution and type:
262 $ client tcp:localhost:2100
265 When the client has connected, you can type:
272 The default retrieval syntax for the client is USMARC. To try other
273 formats for the same record, try:
284 <it>NOTE: You may notice that more fields are returned when your
285 client requests SUTRS or GRS-1 records. When retrieving GILS records,
286 this is normal - not all of the GILS data elements have mappings in
287 the USMARC record format.</it>
289 If you've made it this far, there's a good chance that
290 you've got through the compilation OK.
292 <sect>Administrating Zebra<label id="administrating">
295 Unlike many simpler retrieval systems, Zebra supports safe, incremental
296 updates to an existing index.
298 Normally, when Zebra modifies the index it reads a number of records
300 Depending on your specifications and on the contents of each record
301 one the following events take place for each record:
303 <tag>Insert</tag> The record is indexed as if it never occurred
304 before. Either the Zebra system doesn't know how to identify the record or
305 Zebra can identify the record but didn't find it to be already indexed.
306 <tag>Modify</tag> The record has already been indexed. In this case
307 either the contents of the record or the location (file) of the record
308 indicates that it has been indexed before.
309 <tag>Delete</tag> The record is deleted from the index. As in the
310 update-case it must be able to identify the record.
313 Please note that in both the modify- and delete- case the Zebra
314 indexer must be able to generate a unique key that identifies the record in
315 question (more on this below).
317 To administrate the Zebra retrieval system, you run the
318 <tt>zebraidx</tt> program. This program supports a number of options
319 which are preceded by a minus, and a few commands (not preceded by
322 Both the Zebra administrative tool and the Z39.50 server share a
323 set of index files and a global configuration file. The
324 name of the configuration file defaults to <tt>zebra.cfg</tt>.
325 The configuration file includes specifications on how to index
326 various kinds of records and where the other configuration files
327 are located. <tt>zebrasrv</tt> and <tt>zebraidx</tt> <em>must</em>
328 be run in the directory where the configuration file lives unless you
329 indicate the location of the configuration file by option
332 <sect1>Record Types<label id="record-types">
334 Indexing is a per-record process, in which
335 either insert/modify/delete will occur. Before a record is indexed
336 search keys are extracted from whatever might be the layout the
337 original record (sgml,html,text, etc..). The Zebra system
338 currently only supports SGML-like, structured records and unstructured text
340 To specify a particular extraction process, use either the
341 command line option <tt>-t</tt> or specify a
342 <tt>recordType</tt> setting in the configuration file.
344 <sect1>The Zebra Configuration File<label id="configuration-file">
346 The Zebra configuration file, read by <tt>zebraidx</tt> and
347 <tt>zebrasrv</tt> defaults to <tt>zebra.cfg</tt> unless specified
348 by <tt>-c</tt> option.
350 You can edit the configuration file with a normal text editor.
351 Parameter names and values are seperated by colons in the file. Lines
352 starting with a hash sign (<tt/#/) are treated as comments.
354 If you manage different sets of records that share common
355 characteristics, you can organize the configuration settings for each
356 type into &dquot;groups&dquot;.
357 When <tt>zebraidx</tt> is run and you wish to address a given group
358 you specify the group name with the <tt>-g</tt> option. In this case
359 settings that have the group name as their prefix will be used
360 by <tt>zebraidx</tt>. If no <tt/-g/ option is specified, the settings
361 with no prefix are used.
363 In the configuration file, the group name is placed before the option
365 itself, separated by a dot (.). For instance, to set the record type
366 for group <tt/public/ to <tt/grs/ (the common format for structured
367 records) you would write:
370 public.recordType: grs
373 To set the default value of the record type to <tt/text/ write:
379 The available configuration settings are summarized below. They will be
380 explained further in the following sections.
383 <tag><it>group</it>.recordType[<it>.name</it>]</tag>
384 Specifies how records with the file extension <it>name</it> should
385 be handled by the indexer. This option may also be specified
386 as a command line option (<tt>-t</tt>). Note that if you do not
387 specify a <it/name/, the setting applies to all files.
388 <tag><it>group</it>.recordId</tag>
389 Specifies how the records are to be identified when updated. See
390 section <ref id="locating-records" name="Locating Records">.
391 <tag><it>group</it>.database</tag>
392 Specifies the Z39.50 database name.
393 <tag><it>group</it>.storeKeys</tag>
394 Specifies whether key information should be saved for a given
395 group of records. If you plan to update/delete this type of
396 records later this should be specified as 1; otherwise it
397 should be 0 (default), to save register space. See section
398 <ref id="file-ids" name="Indexing With File Record IDs">.
399 <tag><it>group</it>.storeData</tag>
400 Specifies whether the records should be stored internally
401 in the Zebra system files. If you want to maintain the raw records yourself,
402 this option should be false (0). If you want Zebra to take care of the records
403 for you, it should be true(1).
405 Specifies the location of the various register files that Zebra uses
406 to represent your databases. See section
407 <ref id="register-location" name="Register Location">.
409 Enables the <it/safe update/ facility of Zebra, and tells the system
410 where to place the required, temporary files. See section
411 <ref id="shadow-registers" name="Safe Updating - Using Shadow Registers">.
413 Directory in which various lock files are stored.
414 <tag>tempSetPath</tag>
415 Specifies the directory that the server uses for temporary result sets.
416 If not specified <tt>/tmp</tt> will be used.
417 <tag>profilePath</tag>
418 Specifies the location of profile specification files.
420 Specifies the filename(s) of attribute set files for use in
421 searching. At least the Bib-1 set should be loaded (<tt/bib1.att/).
422 The <tt/profilePath/ setting is used to look for the specified files.
423 See section <ref id="attset-files" name="The Attribute Set Files">
426 <sect1>Locating Records<label id="locating-records">
428 The default behaviour of the Zebra system is to reference the
429 records from their original location, i.e. where they were found when you
430 ran <tt/zebraidx/. That is, when a client wishes to retrieve a record
431 following a search operation, the files are accessed from the place
432 where you originally put them - if you remove the files (without
433 running <tt/zebraidx/ again, the client will receive a diagnostic
436 If your input files are not permanent - for example if you retrieve
437 your records from an outside source, or if they were temporarily
438 mounted on a CD-ROM drive,
439 you may want Zebra to make an internal copy of them. To do this,
440 you specify 1 (true) in the <tt>storeData</tt> setting. When
441 the Z39.50 server retrieves the records they will be read from the
442 internal file structures of the system.
444 <sect1>Indexing with no Record IDs (Simple Indexing)
447 If you have a set of records that is not expected to change over time
448 you may can build your database without record IDs.
449 This indexing method uses less space than the other methods and
452 To use this method, you simply don't provide the <tt>recordId</tt> entry
453 for the group of files that you index. To add a set of records you use
454 <tt>zebraidx</tt> with the <tt>update</tt> command. The
455 <tt>update</tt> command will always add all of the records that it
456 encounters to the index - whether they have already been indexed or
457 not. If the set of indexed files change, you should delete all of the
458 index files, and build a new index from scratch.
460 Consider a system in which you have a group of text files called
461 <tt>simple</tt>. That group of records should belong to a Z39.50 database
462 called <tt>textbase</tt>. The following <tt/zebra.cfg/ file will suffice:
465 profilePath: /usr/local/yaz
467 simple.recordType: text
468 simple.database: textbase
471 Since the existing records in an index can not be addressed by their
472 IDs, it is impossible to delete or modify records when using this method.
474 <sect1>Indexing with File Record IDs<label id="file-ids">
477 If you have a set of files that regularly change over time: Old files
478 are deleted, new ones are added, or existing files are modified, you
479 can benefit from using the <it/file ID/ indexing methodology. Examples
480 of this type of database might include an index of WWW resources, or a
481 USENET news spool area. Briefly speaking, the file key methodology
482 uses the directory paths of the individual records as a unique
483 identifier for each record. To perform indexing of a directory with
484 file keys, again, you specify the top-level directory after the
485 <tt>update</tt> command. The command will recursively traverse the
486 directories and compare each one with whatever have been indexed before in
487 that same directory. If a file is new (not in the previous version of
488 the directory) it is inserted into the registers; if a file was
489 already indexed and it has been modified since the last update,
490 the index is also modified; if a file has been removed since the last
491 visit, it is deleted from the index.
493 The resulting system is easy to administrate. To delete a record you
494 simply have to delete the corresponding file (say, with the <tt/rm/
495 command). And to add records you create new files (or directories with
496 files). For your changes to take effect in the register you must run
497 <tt>zebraidx update</tt> with the same directory root again. This mode
498 of operation requires more disk space than simpler indexing methods,
499 but it makes it easier for you to keep the index in sync with a
500 frequently changing set of data. If you combine this system with the
501 <it/safe update/ facility (see below), you never have to take your
502 server offline for maintenance or register updating purposes.
504 To enable indexing with pathname IDs, you must specify <tt>file</tt> as
505 the value of <tt>recordId</tt> in the configuration file. In addition,
506 you should set <tt>storeKeys</tt> to <tt>1</tt>, since the Zebra
507 indexer must save additional information about the contents of each record
508 in order to modify the indices correctly at a later time.
510 For example, to update records of group <tt>esdd</tt> located below
511 <tt>/data1/records/</tt> you should type:
513 $ zebraidx -g esdd update /data1/records
516 The corresponding configuration file includes:
523 <em>Important note: You cannot start out with a group of records with simple
524 indexing (no record IDs as in the previous section) and then later
525 enable file record Ids. Zebra must know from the first time that you
527 the files should be indexed with file record IDs.
530 You cannot explicitly delete records when using this method (using the
531 <bf/delete/ command to <tt/zebraidx/. Instead
532 you have to delete the files from the file system (or move them to a
534 and then run <tt>zebraidx</tt> with the <bf/update/ command.
536 <sect1>Indexing with General Record IDs
538 When using this method you construct an (almost) arbritrary, internal
539 record key based on the contents of the record itself and other system
540 information. If you have a group of records that explicitly associates
541 an ID with each record, this method is convenient. For example, the
542 record format may contain a title or a ID-number - unique within the group.
543 In either case you specify the Z39.50 attribute set and use-attribute
544 location in which this information is stored, and the system looks at
545 that field to determine the identity of the record.
547 As before, the record ID is defined by the <tt>recordId</tt> setting
548 in the configuration file. The value of the record ID specification
549 consists of one or more tokens separated by whitespace. The resulting
551 represented in the index by concatenating the tokens and separating them by
554 There are three kinds of tokens:
556 <tag>Internal record info</tag> The token refers to a key that is
557 extracted from the record. The syntax of this token is
558 <tt/(/ <em/set/ <tt/,/ <em/use/ <tt/)/, where <em/set/ is the
559 attribute set ordinal number and <em/use/ is the use value of the attribute.
560 <tag>System variable</tag> The system variables are preceded by
561 <verb>$</verb> and immediately followed by the system variable name, which
564 <tag>group</tag> Group name.
565 <tag>database</tag> Current database specified.
566 <tag>type</tag> Record type.
568 <tag>Constant string</tag> A string used as part of the ID — surrounded
569 by single- or double quotes.
572 For instance, the sample GILS records that come with the Zebra
573 distribution contain a
575 in the Control-Identifier field. This field is mapped to the Bib-1
576 use attribute 1007. To use this field as a record id, specify
577 <tt>(1,1007)</tt> as the value of the <tt>recordId</tt> in the
578 configuration file. If you have other record types that uses
579 the same field for a different purpose, you might add the record type (or group or database name)
580 to the record id of the gils records as well, to prevent matches
581 with other types of records. In this case the recordId might be
584 gils.recordId: $type (1,1007)
587 (see section <ref id="data-model" name="Configuring Your Data Model">
588 for details of how the mapping between elements of your records and
589 searchable attributes is established).
591 As for the file record ID case described in the previous section,
592 updating your system is simply a matter of running <tt>zebraidx</tt>
593 with the <tt>update</tt> command. However, the update with general
594 keys is considerably slower than with file record IDs, since all files
595 visited must be (re)read to discover their IDs.
597 As you might expect, when using the general record IDs
598 method, you can only add or modify existing records with the <tt>update</tt>
599 command. If you wish to delete records, you must use the,
600 <tt>delete</tt> command, with a directory as a parameter.
601 This will remove all records that match the files below that root
604 <sect1>Register Location<label id="register-location">
607 Normally, the index files that form dictionaries, inverted
608 files, record info, etc., are stored in the directory where you run
609 <tt>zebraidx</tt>. If you wish to store these, possibly large, files
610 somewhere else, you must add the <tt>register</tt> entry to the
611 <tt/zebra.cfg/ file. Furthermore, the Zebra system allows its file
613 span multiple file systems, which is useful for managing very large
616 The value of the <tt>register</tt> setting is a sequence of tokens.
617 Each token takes the form:
619 <em>dir</em><tt>:</tt><em>size</em>.
621 The <em>dir</em> specifies a directory in which index files will be
622 stored and the <em>size</em> specifies the maximum size of all
623 files in that directory. The Zebra indexer system fills each directory
624 in the order specified and use the next specified directories as needed.
625 The <em>size</em> is an integer followed by a qualifier
626 code, <tt>M</tt> for megabytes, <tt>k</tt> for kilobytes.
628 For instance, if you have allocated two disks for your register, and
629 the first disk is mounted
630 on <tt>/d1</tt> and has 200 Mb of free space and the
631 second, mounted on <tt>/d2</tt> has 300 Mb, you could
632 put this entry in your configuration file:
634 register: /d1:200M /d2:300M
637 Note that Zebra does not verify that the amount of space specified is
638 actually available on the directory (file system) specified - it is
639 your responsibility to ensure that enough space is available, and that
640 other applications do not attempt to use the free space. In a large production system,
641 it is recommended that you allocate one or more filesystem exclusively
642 to the Zebra register files.
644 <sect1>Safe Updating - Using Shadow Registers<label id="shadow-registers">
649 The Zebra server supports <it/updating/ of the index structures. That is,
650 you can add, modify, or remove records from databases managed by Zebra
651 without rebuilding the entire index. Since this process involves
652 modifying structured files with various references between blocks of
653 data in the files, the update process is inherently sensitive to
654 system crashes, or to process interruptions: Anything but a
655 successfully completed update process will leave the register files in
656 an unknown state, and you will essentially have no recourse but to
657 re-index everything, or to restore the register files from a backup
658 medium. Further, while the update process is active, users cannot be
659 allowed to access the system, as the contents of the register files
660 may change unpredictably.
662 You can solve these problems by enabling the shadow register system in
663 Zebra. During the updating procedure, <tt/zebraidx/ will temporarily
664 write changes to the involved files in a set of &dquot;shadow
665 files&dquot;, without modifying the files that are accessed by the
666 active server processes. If the update procedure is interrupted by a
667 system crash or a signal, you simply repeat the procedure - the
668 register files have not been changed or damaged, and the partially
669 written shadow files are automatically deleted before the new updating
672 At the end of the updating procedure (or in a separate operation, if
673 you so desire), the system enters a &dquot;commit mode&dquot;. First,
674 any active server processes are forced to access those blocks that
675 have been changed from the shadow files rather than from the main
676 register files; the unmodified blocks are still accessed at their
677 normal location (the shadow files are not a complete copy of the
678 register files - they only contain those parts that have actually been
679 modified). If the commit process is interrupted at any point during the
680 commit process, the server processes will continue to access the
681 shadow files until you can repeat the commit procedure and complete
682 the writing of data to the main register files. You can perform
683 multiple update operations to the registers before you commit the
684 changes to the system files, or you can execute the commit operation
685 at the end of each update operation. When the commit phase has
686 completed successfully, any running server processes are instructed to
687 switch their operations to the new, operational register, and the
688 temporary shadow files are deleted.
690 <sect2>How to Use Shadow Register Files
693 The first step is to allocate space on your system for the shadow
694 files. You do this by adding a <tt/shadow/ entry to the <tt/zebra.cfg/
695 file. The syntax of the <tt/shadow/ entry is exactly the same as for
696 the <tt/register/ entry (see section <ref name="Register Location"
697 id="register-location">). The location of the shadow area should be
698 <it/different/ from the location of the main register area (if you
699 have specified one - remember that if you provide no <tt/register/
700 setting, the default register area is the
701 working directory of the server and indexing processes).
703 The following excerpt from a <tt/zebra.cfg/ file shows one example of
704 a setup that configures both the main register location and the shadow
705 file area. Note that two directories or partitions have been set aside
706 for the shadow file area. You can specify any number of directories
707 for each of the file areas, but remember that there should be no
708 overlaps between the directories used for the main registers and the
709 shadow files, respectively.
714 shadow: /scratch1:100M /scratch2:200M
717 When shadow files are enabled, an extra command is available at the
718 <tt/zebraidx/ command line. In order to make changes to the system
719 take effect for the users, you'll have to submit a
720 &dquot;commit&dquot; command after a (sequence of) update
721 operation(s). You can ask the indexer to commit the changes
722 immediately after the update operation:
725 $ zebraidx update /d1/records update /d2/more-records commit
728 Or you can execute multiple updates before committing the changes:
731 $ zebraidx -g books update /d1/records update /d2/more-records
732 $ zebraidx -g fun update /d3/fun-records
736 If one of the update operations above had been interrupted, the commit
737 operation on the last line would fail: <tt/zebraidx/ will not let you
738 commit changes that would destroy the running register. You'll have to
739 rerun all of the update operations since your last commit operation,
740 before you can commit the new changes.
742 Similarly, if the commit operation fails, <tt/zebraidx/ will not let
743 you start a new update operation before you have successfully repeated
744 the commit operation. The server processes will keep accessing the
745 shadow files rather than the (possibly damaged) blocks of the main
746 register files until the commit operation has successfully completed.
748 You should be aware that update operations may take slightly longer
749 when the shadow register system is enabled, since more file access
750 operations are involved. Further, while the disk space required for
751 the shadow register data is modest for a small update operation, you
752 may prefer to disable the system if you are adding a very large number
753 of records to an already very large database (we use the terms
754 <it/large/ and <it/modest/ very loosely here, since every
755 application will have a different perception of size). To update the system
756 without the use of the the shadow files, simply run <tt/zebraidx/ with
757 the <tt/-n/ option (note that you do not have to execute the
758 <bf/commit/ command of <tt/zebraidx/ when you temporarily disable the
759 use of the shadow registers in this fashion. Note also that, just as
760 when the shadow registers are not enabled, server processes will be
761 barred from accessing the main register while the update procedure
764 <sect>Running the Maintenance Interface (zebraidx)
767 The following is a complete reference to the command line interface to
768 the <tt/zebraidx/ application.
772 $ zebraidx [options] command [directory] ...
776 <tag>-t <it/type/</tag>Update all files as <it/type/. Currently, the
777 types supported are <tt/text/ and <tt/grs/<it/.filter/. If no
778 <it/filter/ is provided for the GRS (General Record Structure) type,
779 the canonical input format is assumed (see section <ref
780 id="local-representation" name="Local Representation">). Generally, it
781 is probably advisable to specify the record types in the
782 <tt/zebra.cfg/ file (see section <ref id="record-types" name="Record Types">).
784 <tag>-c <it/config-file/</tag>Read the configuration file
785 <it/config-file/ instead of <tt/zebra.cfg/.
787 <tag>-g <it/group/</tag>Update the files according to the group
788 settings for <it/group/ (see section <ref id="configuration-file"
789 name="The Zebra Configuration File">).
791 <tag>-d <it/database/</tag>The records located should be associated
792 with the database name <it/database/ for access through the Z39.50
795 <tag>-d <it/mbytes/</tag>Use <it/mbytes/ of megabytes before flushing
796 keys to background storage. This setting affects performance when
797 updating large databases.
799 <tag>-n</tag>Disable the use of shadow registers for this operation
800 (see section <ref id="shadow-registers" name="Robust Updating - Using
803 <tag>-v <it/level/</tag>Set the log level to <it/level/. <it/level/
804 should be one of <tt/none/, <tt/debug/, and <tt/all/.
810 <tag>Update <it/directory/</tag>Update the register with the files
811 contained in <it/directory/. If no directory is provided, a list of
812 files is read from <tt/stdin/. See section <ref
813 id="administrating" name="Administrating Zebra">.
815 <tag>Delete <it/directory/</tag>Remove the records corresponding to
816 the files found under <it/directory/ from the register.
818 <tag/Commit/Write the changes resulting from the last <bf/update/
819 commands to the register. This command is only available if the use of
820 shadow register files is enabled (see section <ref
821 id="shadow-registers" name="Robust Updating - Using Shadow
826 <sect>The Z39.50 Server
828 <sect1>Running the Z39.50 Server (zebrasrv)
833 zebrasrv [options] [listener-address ...]
838 <tag>-a <it/APDU file/</tag> Specify a file for dumping PDUs (for diagnostic purposes).
839 The special name &dquot;-&dquot; sends output to <tt/stderr/.
841 <tag>-c <it/config-file/</tag> Read configuration information from <it/config-file/. The default configuration is <tt>./zebra.cfg</tt>.
843 <tag/-S/Don't fork on connection requests. This can be useful for
844 symbolic-level debugging. The server can only accept a single
845 connection in this mode.
847 <tag/-s/Use the SR protocol.
849 <tag/-z/Use the Z39.50 protocol (default). These two options complement
850 eachother. You can use both multiple times on the same command
851 line, between listener-specifications (see below). This way, you
852 can set up the server to listen for connections in both protocols
853 concurrently, on different local ports.
855 <tag>-l <it/logfile/</tag>Specify an output file for the diagnostic
856 messages. The default is to write this information to <tt/stderr/.
858 <tag>-v <it/log-level/</tag>The log level. Use a comma-separated list of members of the set
859 {fatal,debug,warn,log,all,none}.
861 <tag>-u <it/username/</tag>Set user ID. Sets the real UID of the server process to that of the
862 given <it/username/. It's useful if you aren't comfortable with having the
863 server run as root, but you need to start it as such to bind a
866 <tag>-w <it/working-directory/</tag>Change working directory.
868 <tag/-i/Run under the Internet superserver, <tt/inetd/.
871 A <it/listener-address/ consists of a transport mode followed by a
872 colon (:) followed by a listener address. The transport mode is
873 either <tt/osi/ or <tt/tcp/.
875 For TCP, an address has the form
878 hostname | IP-number [: portnumber]
881 The port number defaults to 210 (standard Z39.50 port).
883 For OSI (only available if the server is compiled with XTI/mOSI
884 support enabled), the address form is
887 [t-selector /] hostname | IP-number [: portnumber]
890 The transport selector is given as a string of hex digits (with an even
891 number of digits). The default port number is 102 (RFC1006 port).
899 osi:0402/dbserver.osiworld.com:3000
903 In both cases, the special hostname &dquot;@&dquot; is mapped to
904 the address INADDR_ANY, which causes the server to listen on any local
905 interface. To start the server listening on the registered ports for
906 Z39.50 and SR over OSI/RFC1006, and to drop root privileges once the
907 ports are bound, execute the server like this (from a root shell):
910 zebrasrv -u daemon tcp:@ -s osi:@
913 You can replace <tt/daemon/ with another user, eg. your own account, or
914 a dedicated IR server account.
916 The default behavior for <tt/zebrasrv/ is to establish a single TCP/IP
917 listener, for the Z39.50 protocol, on port 9999.
919 <sect1>Z39.50 Protocol Support and Behavior
921 <sect2>Initialization
924 During initialization, the server will negotiate to version 3 of the
925 Z39.50 protocol, and the option bits for Search, Present, Scan,
926 NamedResultSets, and concurrentOperations will be set, if requested by
927 the client. The maximum PDU size is negotiated down to a maximum of 1Mb.
932 The supported query type are 1 and 101 All operators except PROXIMITY
933 are currently supported. Queries can be arbitrarily complex. Named
934 result sets are supported, and result sets can be used as operands
935 with no limitations. Searches may span multiple databases.
937 The server has full support for piggy-backed present requests (see
938 also the following section).
940 <bf/Use/ attributes are interpreted according to the attribute sets which
941 have been loaded in the <tt/zebra.cfg/ file, and are matched against
942 specific fields as specified in the <tt/.abs/ file which describes the
943 profile of the records which have been loaded. If no <bf/Use/
944 attribute is provided, a default of <bf/Any/ is assumed.
946 If a <bf/Structure/ attribute of <bf/Phrase/ is used in conjunction with a
947 <bf/Completeness/ attribute of <bf/Complete (Sub)field/, the term is
948 matched against the contents of a phrase (long word) register, if one
949 exists for the given <bf/Use/ attribute. If <bf/Structure/=<bf/Phrase/
950 is used in conjunction with <bf/Incomplete Field/ - the default value
951 for <bf/Completeness/, the search is directed against the normal word
952 registers, but if the term contains multiple words, the term will only
953 match if all of the words are found immediately adjacent, and in the
954 given order. If the <bf/Structure/ attribute is <bf/Word List/,
955 <bf/Free-form Text/, or <bf/Document Text/, the term is treated as a
956 natural-language, relevance-ranked query.
958 If the <bf/Relation/ attribute is <bf/Equals/ (default), the term is
959 matched in a normal fashion (modulo truncation and processing of
960 individual words, if required). If <bf/Relation/ is <bf/Less Than/,
961 <bf/Less Than or Equal/, <bf/Greater than/, or <bf/Greater than or
962 Equal/, the term is assumed to be numerical, and a standard regular
963 expression is constructed to match the given expression. If
964 <bf/Relation/ is <bf/Relevance/, the standard natural-language query
965 processor is invoked.
967 For the <bf/Truncation/ attribute, <bf/No Truncation/ is the default.
968 <bf/Left Truncation/ is not supported. <bf/Process #/ is supported, as
969 is <bf/Regxp-1/. <bf/Regxp-2/ enables the fault-tolerant (fuzzy)
970 search. As a default, a single error (deletion, insertion,
971 replacement) is accepted when terms are matched against the register
977 The present facility is supported in a standard fashion. The requested
978 record syntax is matched against the ones supported by the profile of
979 each record retrieved. If no record syntax is given, SUTRS is the
980 default. The requested element set name, again, is matched against any
981 provided by the relevant record profiles.
986 The attribute combinations provided with the TermListAndStartPoint are
987 processed in the same way as operands in a query (see above).
988 Currently, only the term and the globalOccurrences are returned with
989 the TermInfo structure.
994 If a Close PDU is received, the server will respond with a Close PDU
995 with reason=FINISHED, no matter which protocol version was negotiated
996 during initialization. If the protocol version is 3 or more, the
997 server will generate a Close PDU under certain circumstances,
998 including a session timeout (ca. 60 minutes), and certain kinds of
999 protocol errors. Once a Close PDU has been sent, the protocol
1000 association is considered broken, and the transport connection will be
1001 closed immediately upon receipt of further data, or following a short
1004 <sect>The Record Model
1007 The Zebra system is designed to support a wide range of data management
1008 applications. The system can be configured to handle virtually any
1009 kind of structured data. Each record in the system is associated with
1010 a <it/record schema/ which lends context to the data elements of the
1011 record. Any number of record schema can coexist in the system.
1012 Although it may be wise to use only a single schema within
1013 one database, the system poses no such restrictions.
1015 Records pass through three different states during processing in the
1019 <item>When records are accessed by the system, they are represented
1020 in their local, or native format. This might be SGML or HTML files,
1021 News or Mail archives, MARC records. If the system doesn't already
1022 know how to read the type of data you need to store, you can set up an
1023 input filter by preparing conversion rules based on regular
1024 expressions and a flexible scripting language (Tcl). The input filter
1025 produces as output an internal representation:
1027 <item>When records are processed by the system, they are represented
1028 in a tree-structure, constructed by tagged data elements hanging off a
1029 root node. The tagged elements may contain data or yet more tagged
1030 elements in a recursive structure. The system performs various
1031 actions on this tree structure (indexing, element selection, schema
1034 <item>Before transmitting records to the client, they are first
1035 converted from the internal structure to a form suitable for exchange
1036 over the network - according to the Z39.50 standard.
1039 <sect1>Local Representation<label id="local-representation">
1042 As mentioned earlier, Zebra places few restrictions on the type of
1043 data that you can index and manage. Generally, whatever the form of
1044 the data, it is parsed by an input filter specific to that format, and
1045 turned into an internal structure that Zebra knows how to handle. This
1046 process takes place whenever the record is accessed - for indexing and
1049 <sect2>Canonical Input Format
1052 Although input data can take any form, it is sometimes useful to
1053 describe the record processing capabilities of the system in terms of
1054 a single, canonical input format that gives access to the full
1055 spectrum of structure and flexibility in the system. In Zebra, this
1056 canonical format is an &dquot;SGML-like&dquot; syntax.
1058 Consider a record describing an information resource (such a record is
1059 sometimes known as a <it/locator record/). It might contain a field
1060 describing the distributor of the information resource, which might in
1061 turn be partitioned into various fields providing details about the
1062 distributor, like this:
1066 <Name> USGS/WRD &etago;Name>
1067 <Organization> USGS/WRD &etago;Organization>
1069 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 505 MARQUETTE, NW
1070 &etago;Street-Address>
1071 <City> ALBUQUERQUE &etago;City>
1072 <State> NM &etago;State>
1073 <Zip-Code> 87102 &etago;Zip-Code>
1074 <Country> USA &etago;Country>
1075 <Telephone> (505) 766-5560 &etago;Telephone>
1079 <it>NOTE: The indentation used above is used to illustrate how Zebra
1080 interprets the markup. The indentation, in itself, has no
1081 significance to the parser for the canonical input format, which
1082 discards superfluous whitespace.</it>
1084 The keywords surrounded by <...> are <it/tags/, while the
1085 sections of text in between are the <it/data elements/. A data element
1086 is characterized by its location in the tree that is made up by the
1087 nested elements. Each element is terminated by a closing tag -
1088 beginning with &etago;, and containing the same symbolic tag-name as
1089 the corresponding opening tag. The general closing tag - &etago;> -
1090 terminates the element started by the last opening tag. The
1091 structuring of elements is significant. The element <bf/Telephone/,
1092 for instance, may be indexed and presented to the client differently,
1093 depending on whether it appears inside the <bf/Distributor/ element,
1094 or some other, structured data element such a <bf/Supplier/ element.
1099 The first tag in a record describes the root node of the tree that
1100 makes up the total record. In the canonical input format, the root tag
1101 should contain the name of the schema that lends context to the
1102 elements of the record (see section <ref id="internal-representation"
1103 name="Internal Representation">). The following is a GILS record that
1104 contains only a single element (strictly speaking, that makes it an
1105 illegal GILS record, since the GILS profile includes several mandatory
1106 elements - Zebra does not validate the contents of a record against
1107 the Z39.50 profile, however - it merely attempts to match up elements
1108 of a local representation with the given schema):
1112 <title>Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance&etago;title>
1119 Zebra allows you to provide individual data elements in a number of
1120 <it/variant forms/. Examples of variant forms are textual data
1121 elements which might appear in different languages, and images which
1122 may appear in different formats or layouts. The variant system in
1124 essentially a representation of the variant mechanism of
1127 The following is an example of a title element which occurs in two
1128 different languages.
1132 <var lang lang "eng">
1133 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance&etago;>
1134 <var lang lang "dan">
1135 Zen og Kunsten at Vedligeholde en Motorcykel&etago;>
1139 The syntax of the <it/variant element/ is <tt><<bf/var/ <it/class
1140 type value/></tt>. The available values for the <it/class/ and
1141 <it/type/ fields are given by the variant set that is associated with the
1142 current schema (see section <ref id="variant-set" name="Variant Set
1145 Variant elements are terminated by the general end-tag &etago;>, by
1146 the variant end-tag &etago;var>, by the appearance of another variant
1147 tag with the same <it/class/ and <it/value/ settings, or by the
1148 appearance of another, normal tag. In other words, the end-tags for
1149 the variants used in the example above could have been saved.
1151 Variant elements can be nested. The element
1155 <var lang lang "eng"><var body iana "text/plain">
1156 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
1160 Associates two variant components to the variant list for the title
1163 Given the nesting rules described above, we could write
1167 <var body iana "text/plain>
1168 <var lang lang "eng">
1169 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
1170 <var lang lang "dan">
1171 Zen og Kunsten at Vedligeholde en Motorcykel
1175 The title element above comes in two variants. Both have the IANA body
1176 type &dquot;text/plain&dquot;, but one is in English, and the other in
1177 Danish. The client, using the element selection mechanism of Z39.50,
1178 can retrieve information about the available variant forms of data
1179 elements, or it can select specific variants based on the requirements
1182 <sect2>Input Filters
1185 In order to handle general input formats, Zebra allows the
1186 operator to define filters which read individual records in their native format
1187 and produce an internal representation that the system can
1190 Input filters are ASCII files, generally with the suffix <tt/.flt/.
1191 The system looks for the files in the directories given in the
1192 <bf/profilePath/ setting in the <tt/zebra.cfg/ file.
1194 Generally, an input filter consists of a sequence of rules, where each
1195 rule consists of a sequence of expressions, followed by an action. The
1196 expressions are evaluated against the contents of the input record,
1197 and the actions normally contribute to the generation of an internal
1198 representation of the record.
1200 An expression can be either of the following:
1203 <tag/INIT/The action associated with this expression is evaluated
1204 exactly once in the lifetime of the application, before any records
1205 are read. It can be used in conjunction with an action that
1206 initializes tables or other resources that are used in the processing
1209 <tag/BEGIN/Matches the beginning of the record. It can be used to
1210 initialize variables, etc. Typically, the <bf/BEGIN/ rule is also used
1211 to establish the root node of the record.
1213 <tag/END/Matches the end of the record - when all of the contents
1214 of the record has been processed.
1216 <tag>/pattern/</tag>Matches a string of characters from the input
1219 <tag/BODY/This keyword may only be used between two patterns. It
1220 matches everything between (not including) those patterns.
1222 <tag/FINISH/THe expression asssociated with this pattern is evaluated
1223 once, before the application terminates. It can be used to release
1224 system resources - typically ones allocated in the <bf/INIT/ step.
1228 An action is surrounded by curly braces ({...}), and consists of a
1229 sequence of statements. Statements may be separated by newlines or
1230 semicolons (;). Within actions, the strings that matched the
1231 expressions immediately preceding the action can be referred to as
1232 $0, $1, $2, etc.
1234 The available statements are:
1238 <tag>begin <it/type [parameter ... ]/</tag>Begin a new
1239 data element. The type is one of the following:
1241 <tag/record/Begin a new record. The followingparameter should be the
1242 name of the schema that describes the structure of the record, eg.
1243 <tt/gils/ or <tt/wais/ (see below). The <tt/begin record/ call should
1245 any other use of the <bf/begin/ statement.
1247 <tag/element/Begin a new tagged element. The parameter is the
1248 name of the tag. If the tag is not matched anywhere in the tagsets
1249 referenced by the current schema, it is treated as a local string
1252 <tag/variant/Begin a new node in a variant tree. The parameters are
1253 <it/class type value/.
1257 <tag/data/Create a data element. The concatenated arguments make
1258 up the value of the data element. The option <tt/-text/ signals that
1259 the layout (whitespace) of the data should be retained for
1260 transmission. The option <tt/-element/ <it/tag/ wraps the data up in
1261 the <it/tag/. The use of the <tt/-element/ option is equivalent to
1262 preceding the command with a <bf/begin element/ command, and following
1263 it with the <bf/end/ command.
1265 <tag>end <it/[type]/</tag>Close a tagged element. If no parameter is given,
1266 the last element on the stack is terminated. The first parameter, if
1267 any, is a type name, similar to the <bf/begin/ statement. For the
1268 <bf/element/ type, a tag name can be provided to terminate a specific tag.
1272 The following input filter reads a Usenet news file, producing a
1273 record in the WAIS schema. Note that the body of a news posting is
1274 separated from the list of headers by a blank line (or rather a
1275 sequence of two newline characters.
1278 BEGIN { begin record wais }
1280 /^From:/ BODY /$/ { data -element name $1 }
1281 /^Subject:/ BODY /$/ { data -element title $1 }
1282 /^Date:/ BODY /$/ { data -element lastModified $1 }
1284 begin element bodyOfDisplay
1285 begin variant body iana "text/plain"
1291 If Zebra is compiled with support for Tcl (Tool Command Language)
1292 enabled, the statements described above are supplemented with a complete
1293 scripting environment, including control structures (conditional
1294 expressions and loop constructs), and powerful string manipulation
1295 mechanisms for modifying the elements of a record. Tcl is a popular
1296 scripting environment, with several tutorials available both online
1299 <it>NOTE: Tcl support is not currently available, but will be
1300 included with one of the next alpha or beta releases.</it>
1302 <it>NOTE: Variant support is not currently available in the input
1303 filter, but will be included with one of the next alpha or beta
1306 <sect1>Internal Representation<label id="internal-representation">
1309 When records are manipulated by the system, they're represented in a
1310 tree-structure, with data elements at the leaf nodes, and tags or
1311 variant components at the non-leaf nodes. The root-node identifies the
1312 schema that lends context to the tagging and structuring of the
1313 record. Imagine a simple record, consisting of a 'title' element and
1314 an 'author' element:
1317 TITLE "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance"
1319 AUTHOR "Robert Pirsig"
1322 A slightly more complex record would have the author element consist
1323 of two elements, a surname and a first name:
1326 TITLE "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance"
1333 The root of the record will refer to the record schema that describes
1334 the structuring of this particular record. The schema defines the
1335 element tags (TITLE, FIRST-NAME, etc.) that may occur in the record, as
1336 well as the structuring (SURNAME should appear below AUTHOR, etc.). In
1337 addition, the schema establishes element set names that are used by
1338 the client to request a subset of the elements of a given record. The
1339 schema may also establish rules for converting the record to a
1340 different schema, by stating, for each element, a mapping to a
1343 <sect2>Tagged Elements
1346 A data element is characterized by its tag, and its position in the
1347 structure of the record. For instance, while the tag &dquot;telephone
1348 number&dquot; may be used different places in a record, we may need to
1349 distinguish between these occurrences, both for searching and
1350 presentation purposes. For instance, while the phone numbers for the
1351 &dquot;customer&dquot; and the &dquot;service provider&dquot; are both
1352 representatives for the same type of resource (a telephone number), it
1353 is essential that they be kept separate. The record schema provides
1354 the structure of the record, and names each data element (defined by
1355 the sequence of tags - the tag path - by which the element can be
1356 reached from the root of the record).
1361 The children of a tag node may be either more tag nodes, a data node
1362 (possibly accompanied by tag nodes),
1363 or a tree of variant nodes. The children of variant nodes are either
1364 more variant nodes or a data node (possibly accompanied by more
1365 variant nodes). Each leaf node, which is normally a
1366 data node, corresponds to a <it/variant form/ of the tagged element
1367 identified by the tag which parents the variant tree. The following
1368 title element occurs in two different languages:
1371 VARIANT LANG=ENG "War and Peace"
1373 VARIANT LANG=DAN "Krig og Fred"
1376 Which of the two elements are transmitted to the client by the server
1377 depends on the specifications provided by the client, if any.
1379 In practice, each variant node is associated with a triple of class,
1380 type, value, corresponding to the variant mechanism of Z39.50.
1382 <sect2>Data Elements
1385 Data nodes have no children (they are always leaf nodes in the record
1388 <it>NOTE: Documentation needs extension here about types of nodes - numerical,
1389 textual, etc., plus the various types of inclusion notes.</it>
1391 <sect1>Configuring Your Data Model<label id="data-model">
1394 The following sections describe the configuration files that govern
1395 the internal management of data records. The system searches for the files
1396 in the directories specified by the <bf/profilePath/ setting in the
1397 <tt/zebra.cfg/ file.
1399 <sect2>The Abstract Syntax
1402 The abstract syntax definition (also known as an Abstract Record
1403 Structure, or ARS) is the focal point of the
1404 record schema description. For a given schema, the ABS file may state any
1405 or all of the following:
1408 <item>The object identifier of the Z39.50 schema associated
1409 with the ARS, so that it can be referred to by the client.
1411 <item>The attribute set (which can possibly be a compound of multiple
1412 sets) which applies in the profile. This is used when indexing and
1413 searching the records belonging to the given profile.
1415 <item>The Tag set (again, this can consist of several different sets).
1416 This is used when reading the records from a file, to recognize the
1417 different tags, and when transmitting the record to the client -
1418 mapping the tags to their numerical representation, if they are
1421 <item>The variant set which is used in the profile. This provides a
1422 vocabulary for specifying the <it/forms/ of data that appear inside
1425 <item>Element set names, which are a shorthand way for the client to
1426 ask for a subset of the data elements contained in a record. Element
1427 set names, in the retrieval module, are mapped to <it/element
1428 specifications/, which contain information equivalent to the
1429 <it/Espec-1/ syntax of Z39.50.
1431 <item>Map tables, which may specify mappings to <it/other/ database
1432 profiles, if desired.
1434 <item>Possibly, a set of rules describing the mapping of elements to a
1435 MARC representation.
1437 <item>A list of element descriptions (this is the actual ARS of the
1438 schema, in Z39.50 terms), which lists the ways in which the various
1439 tags can be used and organized hierarchically.
1442 Several of the entries above simply refer to other files, which
1443 describe the given objects.
1445 <sect2>The Configuration Files
1448 This section describes the syntax and use of the various tables which
1449 are used by the retrieval module.
1451 The number of different file types may appear daunting at first, but
1452 each type corresponds fairly clearly to a single aspect of the Z39.50
1453 retrieval facilities. Further, the average database administrator,
1454 who is simply reusing an existing profile for which tables already
1455 exist, shouldn't have to worry too much about the contents of these tables.
1457 Generally, the files are simple ASCII files, which can be maintained
1458 using any text editor. Blank lines, and lines beginning with a (#) are
1459 ignored. Any characters on a line followed by a (#) are also ignored.
1461 lines contain <it/directives/, which provide some setting or value
1462 to the system. Generally, settings are characterized by a single
1463 keyword, identifying the setting, followed by a number of parameters.
1464 Some settings are repeatable (r), while others may occur only once in a
1465 file. Some settings are optional (o), whicle others again are
1468 <sect2>The Abstract Syntax (.abs) Files
1471 The name of this file type is slightly misleading in Z39.50 terms,
1472 since, apart from the actual abstract syntax of the profile, it also
1473 includes most of the other definitions that go into a database
1476 When a record in the canonical, SGML-like format is read from a file
1477 or from the database, the first tag of the file should reference the
1478 profile that governs the layout of the record. If the first tag of the
1479 record is, say, <tt><gils></tt>, the system will look for the profile
1480 definition in the file <tt/gils.abs/. Profile definitions are cached,
1481 so they only have to be read once during the lifespan of the current
1484 When writing your own input filters, the <bf/record-begin/ command
1485 introduces the profile, and should always be called first thing when
1486 introducing a new record.
1488 The file may contain the following directives:
1491 <tag>name <it/symbolic-name/</tag> (m) This provides a shorthand name or
1492 description for the profile. Mostly useful for diagnostic purposes.
1494 <tag>reference <it/OID-name/</tag> (m) The reference name of the OID for
1495 the profile. The reference names can be found in the <bf/util/
1498 <tag>attset <it/filename/</tag> (m) The attribute set that is used for
1499 indexing and searching records belonging to this profile.
1501 <tag>tagset <it/filename/</tag> (o) The tag set (if any) that describe
1502 that fields of the records.
1504 <tag>varset <it/filename/</tag> (o) The variant set used in the profile.
1506 <tag>maptab <it/filename/</tag> (o,r) This points to a
1507 conversion table that might be used if the client asks for the record
1508 in a different schema from the native one.
1510 <tag>marc <it/filename/</tag> (o) Points to a file containing parameters
1511 for representing the record contents in the ISO2709 syntax. Read the
1512 description of the MARC representation facility below.
1514 <tag>esetname <it/name filename/</tag> (o,r) Associates the
1515 given element set name with an element selection file. If an (@) is
1516 given in place of the filename, this corresponds to a null mapping for
1517 the given element set name.
1519 <tag>elm <it/path name attribute/</tag> (o,r) Adds an element
1520 to the abstract record syntax of the schema. The <it/path/ follows the
1521 syntax which is suggested by the Z39.50 document - that is, a sequence
1522 of tags separated by slashes (/). Each tag is given as a
1523 comma-separated pair of tag type and -value surrounded by parenthesis.
1524 The <it/name/ is the name of the element, and the <it/attribute/
1525 specifies what attribute to use when indexing the element. A ! in
1526 place of the attribute name is equivalent to specifying an attribute
1527 name identical to the element name. A - in place of the attribute name
1528 specifies that no indexing is to take place for the given element.
1532 NOTE: The mechanism for controlling indexing is not adequate for
1533 complex databases, and will probably be moved into a separate
1534 configuration table eventually.
1537 The following is an excerpt from the abstract syntax file for the GILS
1542 reference GILS-schema
1547 maptab gils-usmarc.map
1551 esetname VARIANT gils-variant.est # for WAIS-compliance
1552 esetname B gils-b.est
1553 esetname G gils-g.est
1558 elm (1,14) localControlNumber Local-number
1559 elm (1,16) dateOfLastModification Date/time-last-modified
1561 elm (4,1) controlIdentifier Identifier-standard
1562 elm (2,6) abstract Abstract
1563 elm (4,51) purpose !
1564 elm (4,52) originator -
1565 elm (4,53) accessConstraints !
1566 elm (4,54) useConstraints !
1567 elm (4,70) availability -
1568 elm (4,70)/(4,90) distributor -
1569 elm (4,70)/(4,90)/(2,7) distributorName !
1570 elm (4,70)/(4,90)/(2,10 distributorOrganization !
1571 elm (4,70)/(4,90)/(4,2) distributorStreetAddress !
1572 elm (4,70)/(4,90)/(4,3) distributorCity !
1575 <sect2>The Attribute Set (.att) Files<label id="attset-files">
1578 This file type describes the <bf/Use/ elements of an attribute set.
1579 It contains the following directives.
1583 <tag>name <it/symbolic-name/</tag> (m) This provides a shorthand name or
1584 description for the attribute set. Mostly useful for diagnostic purposes.
1586 <tag>reference <it/OID-name/</tag> (m) The reference name of the OID for
1587 the attribute set. The reference names can be found in the <bf/util/
1590 <tag>ordinal <it/integer/</tag> (m) This value will be used to represent the
1591 attribute set in the index. Care should be taken that each attribute
1592 set has a unique ordinal value.
1594 <tag>include <it/filename/</tag> (o,r) This directive is used to
1595 include another attribute set as a part of the current one. This is
1596 used when a new attribute set is defined as an extension to another
1597 set. For instance, many new attribute sets are defined as extensions
1598 to the <bf/bib-1/ set. This is an important feature of the retrieval
1599 system of Z39.50, as it ensures the highest possible level of
1600 interoperability, as those access points of your database which are
1601 derived from the external set (say, bib-1) can be used even by clients
1602 who are unaware of the new set.
1604 <tag>att <it/att-value att-name [local-value]/</tag> (o,r) This
1605 repeatable directive introduces a new attribute to the set. The
1606 attribute value is stored in the index (unless a <it/local-value/ is
1607 given, in which case this is stored). The name is used to refer to the
1608 attribute from the <it/abstract syntax/. </descrip>
1610 This is an excerpt from the GILS attribute set definition. Notice how
1611 the file describing the <it/bib-1/ attribute set is referenced.
1615 reference GILS-attset
1619 att 2001 distributorName
1620 att 2002 indexTermsControlled
1622 att 2004 accessConstraints
1623 att 2005 useConstraints
1626 <sect2>The Tag Set (.tag) Files
1629 This file type defines the tagset of the profile, possibly by
1630 referencing other tag sets (most tag sets, for instance, will include
1631 tagsetG and tagsetM from the Z39.50 specification. The file may
1632 contain the following directives.
1635 <tag>name <it/symbolic-name/</tag> (m) This provides a shorthand name or
1636 description for the tag set. Mostly useful for diagnostic purposes.
1638 <tag>reference <it/OID-name/</tag> (o) The reference name of the OID for
1639 the tag set. The reference names can be found in the <bf/util/
1640 module of <bf/YAZ/. The directive is optional, since not all tag sets
1641 are registered outside of their schema.
1643 <tag>type <it/integer/</tag> (m) The type number of the tag within the schema
1646 <tag>include <it/filename/</tag> (o,r) This directive is used
1647 to include the definitions of other tag sets into the current one.
1649 <tag>tag <it/number names type/</tag> (o,r) Introduces a new
1650 tag to the set. The <it/number/ is the tag number as used in the protocol
1651 (there is currently no mechanism for specifying string tags at this
1652 point, but this would be quick work to add). The <it/names/ parameter
1653 is a list of names by which the tag should be recognized in the input
1654 file format. The names should be separated by slashes (/). The
1655 <it/type/ is th recommended datatype of the tag. It should be one of
1663 <item>generalizedtime
1671 The following is an excerpt from the TagsetG definition file.
1680 tag 3 publicationPlace string
1681 tag 4 publicationDate string
1682 tag 5 documentId string
1683 tag 6 abstract string
1685 tag 8 date generalizedtime
1686 tag 9 bodyOfDisplay string
1687 tag 10 organization string
1690 <sect2>The Variant Set (.var) Files<label id="variant-set">
1693 The variant set file is a straightforward representation of the
1694 variant set definitions associated with the protocol. At present, only
1695 the <it/Variant-1/ set is known.
1697 These are the directives allowed in the file.
1700 <tag>name <it/symbolic-name/</tag> (m) This provides a shorthand name or
1701 description for the variant set. Mostly useful for diagnostic purposes.
1703 <tag>reference <it/OID-name/</tag> (o) The reference name of the OID for
1704 the variant set, if one is required. The reference names can be found
1705 in the <bf/util/ module of <bf/YAZ/.
1707 <tag>class <it/integer class-name/</tag> (m,r) Introduces a new
1708 class to the variant set.
1710 <tag>type <it/integer type-name datatype/</tag> (m,r) Addes a
1711 new type to the current class (the one introduced by the most recent
1712 <bf/class/ directive). The type names belong to the same name space as
1713 the one used in the tag set definition file.
1716 The following is an excerpt from the file describing the variant set
1725 type 1 variantId octetstring
1730 type 2 z39.50 string
1734 <sect2>The Element Set (.est) Files
1737 The element set specification files describe a selection of a subset
1738 of the elements of a database record. The element selection mechanism
1739 is equivalent to the one supplied by the <it/Espec-1/ syntax of the
1740 Z39.50 specification. In fact, the internal representation of an
1741 element set specification is identical to the <it/Espec-1/ structure,
1742 and we'll refer you to the description of that structure for most of
1743 the detailed semantics of the directives below.
1746 NOTE: Not all of the Espec-1 functionality has been implemented yet.
1747 The fields that are mentioned below all work as expected, unless
1751 The directives available in the element set file are as follows:
1754 <tag>defaultVariantSetId <it/OID-name/</tag> (o) If variants are used in
1755 the following, this should provide the name of the variantset used
1756 (it's not currently possible to specify a different set in the
1757 individual variant request). In almost all cases (certainly all
1758 profiles known to us), the name <tt/Variant-1/ should be given here.
1760 <tag>defaultVariantRequest <it/variant-request/</tag> (o) This directive
1761 provides a default variant request for
1762 use when the individual element requests (see below) do not contain a
1763 variant request. Variant requests consist of a blank-separated list of
1764 variant components. A variant compont is a comma-separated,
1765 parenthesized triple of variant class, type, and value (the two former
1766 values being represented as integers). The value can currently only be
1767 entered as a string (this will change to depend on the definition of
1768 the variant in question). The special value (@) is interpreted as a
1769 null value, however.
1771 <tag>simpleElement <it/path ['variant' variant-request]/</tag>
1772 (o,r) This corresponds to a simple element request in <it/Espec-1/. The
1773 path consists of a sequence of tag-selectors, where each of these can
1777 <item>A simple tag, consisting of a comma-separated type-value pair in
1778 parenthesis, possibly followed by a colon (:) followed by an
1779 occurrences-specification (see below). The tag-value can be a number
1780 or a string. If the first character is an apostrophe ('), this forces
1781 the value to be interpreted as a string, even if it appears to be numerical.
1783 <item>A WildThing, represented as a question mark (?), possibly
1784 followed by a colon (:) followed by an occurrences specification (see
1787 <item>A WildPath, represented as an asterisk (*). Note that the last
1788 element of the path should not be a wildPath (wildpaths don't work in
1792 The occurrences-specification can be either the string <tt/all/, the
1793 string <tt/last/, or an explicit value-range. The value-range is
1794 represented as an integer (the starting point), possibly followed by a
1795 plus (+) and a second integer (the number of elements, default being
1798 The variant-request has the same syntax as the defaultVariantRequest
1799 above. Note that it may sometimes be useful to give an empty variant
1800 request, simply to disable the default for a specific set of fields
1801 (we aren't certain if this is proper <it/Espec-1/, but it works in
1802 this implementation).
1805 The following is an example of an element specification belonging to
1809 simpleelement (1,10)
1810 simpleelement (1,12)
1812 simpleelement (1,14)
1814 simpleelement (4,52)
1817 <sect2>The Schema Mapping (.map) Files<label id="schema-mapping">
1820 Sometimes, the client might want to receive a database record in
1821 a schema that differs from the native schema of the record. For
1822 instance, a client might only know how to process WAIS records, while
1823 the database record is represented in a more specific schema, such as
1824 GILS. In this module, a mapping of data to one of the MARC formats is
1825 also thought of as a schema mapping (mapping the elements of the
1826 record into fields consistent with the given MARC specification, prior
1827 to actually converting the data to the ISO2709). This use of the
1828 object identifier for USMARC as a schema identifier represents an
1829 overloading of the OID which might not be entirely proper. However,
1830 it represents the dual role of schema and record syntax which
1831 is assumed by the MARC family in Z39.50.
1834 NOTE: The schema-mapping functions are so far limited to a
1835 straightforward mapping of elements. This should be extended with
1836 mechanisms for conversions of the element contents, and conditional
1837 mappings of elements based on the record contents.
1840 These are the directives of the schema mapping file format:
1843 <tag>targetName <it/name/</tag> (m) A symbolic name for the target schema
1844 of the table. Useful mostly for diagnostic purposes.
1846 <tag>targetRef <it/OID-name/</tag> (m) An OID name for the target schema.
1847 This is used, for instance, by a server receiving a request to present
1848 a record in a different schema from the native one. The name, again,
1849 is found in the <bf/oid/ module of <bf/YAZ/.
1851 <tag>map <it/element-name target-path/</tag> (o,r) Adds
1852 an element mapping rule to the table.
1855 <sect2>The MARC (ISO2709) Representation (.mar) Files
1858 This file provides rules for representing a record in the ISO2709
1859 format. The rules pertain mostly to the values of the constant-length
1860 header of the record.
1862 <it>NOTE: This will be described better. We're in the process of
1863 re-evaluating and most likely changing the way that MARC records are
1864 handled by the system.</it>
1866 <sect1>Exchange Formats
1869 Converting records from the internal structure to en exchange format
1870 is largely an automatic process. Currently, the following exchange
1871 formats are supported:
1874 <item>GRS-1. The internal representation is based on GRS-1, so the
1875 conversion here is straightforward. The system will create
1876 applied variant and supported variant lists as required, if a record
1877 contains variant information.
1879 <item>SUTRS. Again, the mapping is fairly straighforward. Indentation
1880 is used to show the hierarchical structure of the record.
1882 <item>ISO2709-based formats (USMARC, etc.). Only records with a
1883 two-level structure (corresponding to fields and subfields) can be
1884 directly mapped to ISO2709. For records with a different structuring
1885 (eg., GILS), the representation in a structure like USMARC involves a
1886 schema-mapping (see section <ref id="schema-mapping" name="Schema
1887 Mapping">), to an &dquot;implied&dquot; USMARC schema (implied,
1888 because there is no formal schema which specifies the use of the
1889 USMARC fields outside of ISO2709). The resultant, two-level record is
1890 then mapped directly from the internal representation to ISO2709. See
1891 the GILS schema definition files for a detailed example of this
1894 <item>Explain. This representation is only available for records
1895 belonging to the Explain schema.
1902 Copyright © 1995, Index Data.
1904 All rights reserved.
1906 Use and redistribution in source or binary form, with or without
1907 modification, of any or all of this software and documentation is
1908 permitted, provided that the following conditions are met:
1910 1. This copyright and permission notice appear with all copies of the
1911 software and its documentation. Notices of copyright or attribution
1912 which appear at the beginning of any file must remain unchanged.
1914 2. The names of Index Data or the individual authors may not be used to
1915 endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
1916 prior written permission.
1918 3. Source code or binary versions of this software and its
1919 documentation may be used freely in not-for-profit applications. For
1920 profit applications - such as providing for-pay database services,
1921 marketing a product based in whole or in part on this software or its
1922 documentation, or generally distributing this software or its
1923 documentation under a different license - requires a commercial
1924 license from Index Data. The software may be installed and used for
1925 evaluation purposes in conjunction with a commercial application for a
1926 trial period of no more than 60 days.
1928 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
1929 EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
1930 WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
1931 IN NO EVENT SHALL INDEX DATA BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
1932 INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, OR ANY DAMAGES
1933 WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER OR
1934 NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF
1935 LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
1938 <sect>About Index Data and the Zebra Server
1941 Index Data is a consulting and software-development enterprise that
1942 specialises in library and information management systems. Our
1943 interests and expertise span a broad range of related fields, and one
1944 of our primary, long-term objectives is the development of a powerful
1945 information management
1946 system with open network interfaces and hypermedia capabilities.
1948 We make this software available free of charge for not-for-profit
1949 purposes, as a service to the networking community, and to further
1950 the development and use of quality software for open network
1953 If you like this software, and would like to use all or part of it in
1954 a commercial product, or to provide a commercial database service,
1955 please contact us to discuss the details. We'll be happy to answer
1956 questions about the software, and about our services in general. If
1957 you have specific requirements to the software, we'll be glad to offer
1958 our advice - and if you need to adapt the software to a special
1959 purpose, our consulting services and expert knowledge of the software
1960 is available to you at favorable rates.
1965 DK-2200 København N&nl
1970 Phone: +45 3536 3672
1972 Email: info@index.ping.dk
1975 The <it>Random House College Dictionary</it>, 1975 edition
1976 offers this definition of the
1977 word &dquot;Zebra&dquot;:
1980 Zebra, n., any of several horselike, African mammals of the genus Equus,
1981 having a characteristic pattern of black or dark-brown stripes on
1982 a whitish background.